nav emailalert searchbtn searchbox tablepage yinyongbenwen piczone journalimg journalInfo journalinfonormal searchdiv searchzone qikanlogo popupnotification paper paperNew
不同类型黏膜佐剂及其在兽用疫苗中的应用研究进展
基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金面上项目(32473118); 中原科技创新青年拔尖人才(30603404); 河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划(26HASTIT023)
邮箱(Email): hhe@henau.edu.cn
DOI: 10.16445/j.cnki.1000-2340.20260518.001
发布时间: 2026-05-19
出版时间: 2026-05-19
网络发布时间: 2026-05-19
移动端阅读
摘要:

阐述呼吸道黏膜免疫佐剂的主要类型及应用研究进展,重点综述微生物来源的黏膜佐剂、模式识别受体激动剂类黏膜佐剂、天然产物来源黏膜佐剂和合成纳米材料类黏膜佐剂在增强黏膜屏障免疫、诱导分泌型IgA,以及促进细胞免疫应答的作用特点和相关机制,并总结其在猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、禽流感、鸡传染性支气管炎等兽用疫苗中的应用研究进展。目前,兽用呼吸道黏膜佐剂研究仍缺乏猪、禽等靶动物层面的系统安全性、剂量优化及攻毒保护数据。未来应结合免疫学与材料工程开展靶动物免疫调控与场景化验证,为兽用黏膜疫苗佐剂设计提供参考。

Abstract:

This review summarizes the major types and research progress in the application of respiratory mucosal immune adjuvants, with particular emphasis on the characteristics and underlying mechanisms of microbial-derived mucosal adjuvants, pattern recognition receptor agonist-based mucosal adjuvants, natural product-derived mucosal adjuvants, and synthetic nanomaterial-based mucosal adjuvants in enhancing mucosal barrier immunity, inducing secretory IgA, and promoting cellular immune responses. It also summarizes their application in veterinary vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, avian influenza, and infectious bronchitis in chickens. Currently, studies on veterinary respiratory mucosal adjuvants still lack systematic data on safety, dose optimization, and challenge protection in target animals such as pigs and poultry. Future research should integrate immunology with materials engineering to advance target-animal immunoregulation and scenario-oriented validation, thereby providing a reference for the design of veterinary mucosal vaccine adjuvants.

参考文献

[1] 蔡子雯, 孙志刚, 司晓慧, 等. 动物病原感染性呼吸系统疾病兽药研究进展及新药研发趋势分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(11): 4872-4889.

[2] 张芹, 丁步坚, 张标. 黏膜免疫佐剂研究进展[J]. 中国免疫学杂志, 2025, 41(8): 2038-2045.

[3] Gao P, Morita N, Shinkura R. Role of mucosal IgA antibodies as novel therapies to enhance mucosal barriers[J]. Seminars in Immunopathology, 2024, 47(1): 1.

[4] 尹一凡, 林敏, 强宏生, 等. 呼吸道黏膜免疫和呼吸道黏膜疫苗研究进展[J]. 中国疫苗和免疫, 2022, 28(1): 727-734.

[5] Noh H E, Rha M S. Mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in the respiratory tract[J]. Pathogens, 2024, 13(2): 113.

[6] Zhang Z H, Hong W Q, Zhang Y, et al. Mucosal immunity and vaccination strategies: current insights and future perspectives[J]. Molecular Biomedicine, 2025, 6(1): 57.

[7] Vieira Ant?o A, Oltmanns F, Schmidt A, et al. Filling two needs with one deed: a combinatory mucosal vaccine against influenza A virus and respiratory syncytial virus[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2024, 15: 1376395.

[8] Lin Y F, Liao X J, Cao X Z, et al. Sequential intranasal booster triggers class switching from intramuscularly primed IgG to mucosal IgA against SARS-CoV-2[J]. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 2025, 135(5): e175233.

[9] Li J X, Wu G S, Huang Z W, et al. Advances and prospects of respiratory mucosal vaccines: mechanisms, technologies, and clinical applications[J]. npj Vaccines, 2025, 10: 230.

[10] Chen J Q, Lin W T, Yang C K, et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy of mucosal vaccines against respiratory infectious diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Vaccines, 2025, 13(8): 825.

[11] He X Y, Cai L K, Yang J S. Research progress on nasal mucosal immunity and intranasal vaccines[J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2025, 59(3): 390-396.

[12] Wang M S, Chang Q, Li B W, et al. Engineering mucosal immunity: advanced vaccine platforms against respiratory pathogens[J]. Precision Medicine and Engineering, 2025, 2(3): 100040.

[13] Correa V A, Portilho A I, De Gaspari E. Vaccines, adjuvants and key factors for mucosal immune response[J]. Immunology, 2022, 167(2): 124-138.

[14] Li M H, Sun X K, Chen Y L, et al. Enhancing humoral and mucosal immune response of PED vaccine candidate by fusing S1 protein to nanoparticle multimerization[J]. Veterinary Microbiology, 2024, 290: 110003.

[15] Shi T T, Ye Y Q, Fan Z Y, et al. Respiratory mucosal vaccines: applications, delivery strategies and design considerations[J]. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 2025, 189: 118326.

[16] 胡宏俏, 江洁, 曹蕾, 等. 重组蛋白疫苗呼吸道黏膜佐剂的种类和研究进展[J]. 病毒学报, 2025, 41(4): 1269-1279.

[17] Crothers J W, Norton E B. Recent advances in enterotoxin vaccine adjuvants[J]. Current Opinion in Immunology, 2023, 85: 102398.

[18] Clements J D, Norton E B. The mucosal vaccine adjuvant LT(R192G/L211A) or dmLT[J]. mSphere, 2018, 3(4): 215-218.

[19] Yamamoto M, Briles D E, Yamamoto S, et al. A nontoxic adjuvant for mucosal immunity to pneumococcal surface protein A[J]. Journal of Immunology, 1998, 161(8): 4115-4121.

[20] Jakobsen H, Bjarnarson S, del Giudice G, et al. Intranasal immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines with LT-K63, a nontoxic mutant of heat-Labile enterotoxin, as adjuvant rapidly induces protective immunity against lethal pneumococcal infections in neonatal mice[J]. Infection and Immunity, 2002, 70(3): 1443-1452.

[21] Lebens M, Terrinoni M, Karlsson S L, et al. Construction and preclinical evaluation of mmCT, a novel mutant cholera toxin adjuvant that can be efficiently produced in genetically manipulated Vibrio cholerae[J]. Vaccine, 2016, 34(18): 2121-2128.

[22] Molina Estupi?an J L, Aradottir Pind A A, Foroutan Pajoohian P, et al. The adjuvants dmLT and mmCT enhance humoral immune responses to a pneumococcal conjugate vaccine after both parenteral or mucosal immunization of neonatal mice[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 1078904.

[23] Jamus A N, Wilton Z E R, Armijo S D, et al. Nasal and ocular immunization with bacteriophage virus-like particle vaccines elicits distinct systemic and mucosal antibody profiles[J]. Vaccines, 2025, 13(8): 829.

[24] Chulanetra M, Punnakitikashem P, Mahasongkram K, et al. Immunogenicity of intraperitoneal and intranasal liposome adjuvanted VLP vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infection[J]. Scientific Reports, 2024, 14: 27311.

[25] Sun B Q, Wang Q, Zheng P Y, et al. An intranasally administered adenovirus-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces robust mucosal secretory IgA[J]. JCI Insight, 2024, 9(18): e180784.

[26] 袁霏. CpG-ODN/Poly(I: C)核酸缓释佐剂对REV亚单位/DNA疫苗反应的免疫调节作用[D]. 泰安: 山东农业大学, 2016.

[27] Moriyama M, Chino S, Ichinohe T. Consecutive inoculations of influenza virus vaccine and poly(I: C) protects mice against homologous and heterologous virus challenge[J]. Vaccine, 2017, 35(7): 1001-1007.

[28] Klinman D M. Immunotherapeutic uses of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides[J]. Nature Reviews Immunology, 2004, 4(4): 249-259.

[29] Zhang L H, Tian X S, Zhou F Z. Intranasal administration of CpG oligonucleotides induces mucosal and systemic Type 1 immune responses and adjuvant activity to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome killed virus vaccine in piglets in vivo[J]. International Immunopharmacology, 2007, 7(13): 1732-1740.

[30] Zhang X W, Yu Q H, Zhang X F, et al. Co-administration of inactivated avian influenza virus with CpG or rIL-2 strongly enhances the local immune response after intranasal immunization in chicken[J]. Vaccine, 2009, 27(41): 5628-5632.

[31] Fu J, Liang J F, Kang H H, et al. Effects of different CpG oligodeoxynucleotides with inactivated avian H5N1 influenza virus on mucosal immunity of chickens 1[J]. Poultry Science, 2013, 92(11): 2866-2875.

[32] Alkie T N, Yitbarek A, Taha-Abdelaziz K, et al. Characterization of immunogenicity of avian influenza antigens encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles following mucosal and subcutaneous delivery in chickens[J]. PLoS One, 2018, 13(11): e0206324.

[33] 于扬帆, 王美乐, 徐朋, 等. 动物病毒性疫苗中中药佐剂研究进展[J]. 河南农业大学学报, 2024, 58(2): 175-186.

[34] 富铎, 孙丹, 潘慧, 等. 植物来源的天然产物在黏膜免疫佐剂中的研究进展[J]. 辽宁科技学院学报, 2025, 27(1): 39-43.

[35] Cao L G, Dong P, Liu J, et al. Advancements in saponin-based vaccine adjuvants[J]. Medicinal Chemistry Research, 2025, 34(9): 1817-1832.

[36] Talukdar P, Winegar P H, Hudson G A, et al. From bark to bench: innovations in QS-21 adjuvant characterization and manufacturing[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2025, 16: 1677995.

[37] González A M, Nguyen T V, Azevedo M S, et al. Antibody responses to human rotavirus (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs following a new prime/boost vaccine strategy using oral attenuated HRV priming and intranasal VP2/6 rotavirus-like particle (VLP) boosting with ISCOM[J]. Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 2004, 135(3): 361-372.

[38] da Cunha I A L, Zulpo D L, Bogado A L G, et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs immunized intranasally with crude rhoptry proteins of Toxoplasma gondii plus Quil-A[J]. Veterinary Parasitology, 2012, 186(3/4): 216-221.

[39] Chandrasekar S S, Kingstad-Bakke B, Wu C W, et al. A novel mucosal adjuvant system for immunization against avian coronavirus causing infectious bronchitis[J]. Journal of Virology, 2020, 94(19): 1016-1020.

[40] Li X, Zhang X H, Liu L L, et al. Polysaccharide-based nanosystems as vaccine adjuvants: a review[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 367: 124017.

[41] Jiang Y H, Qi S S, Mao C Q. Polysaccharide nanoparticles as potential immune adjuvants: mechanism and function[J]. Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B, 2025, 15(4): 1796-1815.

[42] Rauw F, Gardin Y, Palya V, et al. The positive adjuvant effect of chitosan on antigen-specific cell-mediated immunity after chickens vaccination with live Newcastle disease vaccine[J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2010, 134(3/4): 249-258.

[43] Dhakal S, Renu S, Ghimire S, et al. Mucosal immunity and protective efficacy of intranasal inactivated influenza vaccine is improved by chitosan nanoparticle delivery in pigs[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2018, 9: 934.

[44] Lee J, Kim Y M, Kim J H, et al. Nasal delivery of chitosan/alginate nanoparticle encapsulated bee (Apis mellifera) venom promotes antibody production and viral clearance during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection by modulating T cell related responses[J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2018, 200: 40-51.

[45] 林欣怡, 蒋欣雨, 苏子诺, 等. 白术多糖超大介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒的制备及其黏膜免疫佐剂活性的研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(5): 2507-2519.

[46] Li Z D, Chen P P, Qu A H, et al. Opportunities and challenges for nanomaterials as vaccine adjuvants[J]. Small Methods, 2025, 9(7): 2402059.

[47] Agallou M, Margaroni M, Tsanaktsidou E, et al. A liposomal vaccine promotes strong adaptive immune responses via dendritic cell activation in draining lymph nodes[J]. Journal of Controlled Release, 2023, 356: 386-401.

[48] Wang S Q, Ding P Y, Shen L L, et al. Inhalable hybrid nanovaccines with virus-biomimetic structure boost protective immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants[J]. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1): 76.

[49] 王亚楠, 霍健, 黄冉, 等. 纳米疫苗在防控非洲猪瘟中的应用前景[J]. 河南农业大学学报, 2022, 56(5): 715-723.

[50] Tseng L P, Chiou C J, Deng M C, et al. Evaluation of encapsulated Newcastle disease virus liposomes using various phospholipids administered to improve chicken humoral immunity[J]. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 2009, 91(2): 621-625.

[51] Lin Y F, Deng M C, Tseng L P, et al. Adjuvant effect of liposome in chicken result from induction of nitric oxide[J]. Biomedical Materials, 2011, 6(1): 015011.

[52] Dhakal S, Cheng X G, Salcido J, et al. Liposomal nanoparticle-based conserved peptide influenza vaccine and monosodium urate crystal adjuvant elicit protective immune response in pigs[J]. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2018, 13: 6699-6715.

[53] 刘心玉. 生物矿化法合成的二氧化锰纳米颗粒协同放射治疗激活非小细胞肺癌免疫反应[D]. 武汉: 武汉大学, 2022.

[54] Liang X Y, Wang D, Zhao Y Q, et al. Tumor microenvironment-responsive manganese-based nano-modulator activate the cGAS-STING pathway to enhance innate immune system response[J]. Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2024, 22(1): 535.

[55] Zheng S J, Yang M F, Luo J Q, et al. Manganese-based immunostimulatory metal–organic framework activates the cGAS-STING pathway for cancer metalloimmunotherapy[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(16): 15905-15917.

[56] Xu H W, Liao Y, Svetlana M, et al. Enhancement of intranasal mucosal immunization of mucosal vaccines by ultrasonic treatment[J]. Bio-Design and Manufacturing, 2023, 6(4): 405-422.

[57] Cheng H H, Shen L L, Liu X N, et al. NK cell membrane/MnO_(2) hybrid nanoparticle-adjuvanted intranasal vaccines synergistically boost protective immunity against H1N1 influenza infection[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2024, 500: 157381.

[58] Li F S, Feng X Y, Huang J X, et al. Periodic mesoporous organosilica as a nanoadjuvant for subunit vaccines elicits potent antigen-specific germinal center responses by activating naive B cells[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(16): 15424-15440.

[59] Trayford C, van Rijt S. In situ modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles: synthesis, properties and theranostic applications[J]. Biomaterials Science, 2024, 12(21): 5450-5467.

[60] Huang Y, Nahar S, Alam M M, et al. Reactive oxygen species-sensitive biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles harboring TheraVac elicit tumor-specific immunity for colon tumor treatment[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(20): 19740-19752.

[61] Ashitha K C, Gopinath M, Sasirekha N R, et al. Leveraging mesoporous silica nanomaterial for optimal immunotherapeutics against cancer[J]. In Vitro Models, 2023, 2(5): 153-169.

[62] Liu Z, Lu H Y, Li S, et al. Size effect of mesoporous silica nanoparticles on regulating the immune effect of oral influenza split vaccine[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 2024, 238: 113920.

[63] Zhao K, Rong G Y, Hao Y, et al. IgA response and protection following nasal vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease virus DNA vaccine nanoencapsulated with Ag@SiO_(2) hollow nanoparticles[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 25720.

[64] Spain S G, Ya?ayan G, Soliman M, et al. Nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery[M]//Comprehensive Biomaterials. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2011: 389-410.

[65] Jin Z, Dong Y T, Liu S, et al. Potential of polyethyleneimine as an adjuvant to prepare long-term and potent antifungal nanovaccine[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2022, 13: 843684.

[66] Wegmann F, Gartlan K H, Harandi A M, et al. Polyethyleneimine is a potent mucosal adjuvant for viral glycoprotein antigens[J]. Nature Biotechnology, 2012, 30(9): 883-888.

[67] Song L, Xiong D, Song H Q, et al. Mucosal and systemic immune responses to influenza H7N9 antigen HA1-2 co-delivered intranasally with flagellin or polyethyleneimine in mice and chickens[J]. Frontiers in Immunology, 2017, 8: 326.

[68] Hajam I A, Kim J, Lee J H. Intranasally administered polyethylenimine adjuvanted influenza M2 ectodomain induces partial protection against H9N2 influenza A virus infection in chickens[J]. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 2019, 209: 78-83.

[69] Souci L, Jaunet H, Le Diguerher G, et al. Intranasal inoculations of naked or PLGA-PEI nanovectored DNA vaccine induce systemic and mucosal antibodies in pigs: a feasibility study[J]. Research in Veterinary Science, 2020, 132: 194-201.

[70] Fu W J, Guo M Y, Zhou X M, et al. Injectable hydrogel mucosal vaccine elicits protective immunity against respiratory viruses[J]. ACS Nano, 2024, 18(17): 11200-11216.

[71] Rana M M, Demirkaya C, De la Hoz Siegler H. Beyond needles: immunomodulatory hydrogel-guided vaccine delivery systems[J]. Gels, 2024, 11(1): 7.

[72] Meany E L, Klich J H, Jons C K, et al. Generation of an inflammatory niche in a hydrogel depot through recruitment of key immune cells improves efficacy of mRNA vaccines[J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(15): eadr2631.

[73] Chiou C J, Tseng L P, Deng M C, et al. Mucoadhesive liposomes for intranasal immunization with an avian influenza virus vaccine in chickens[J]. Biomaterials, 2009, 30(29): 5862-5868.

[74] Zuo Z H, Zou Y J, Li Q, et al. Intranasal immunization with inactivated chlamydial elementary bodies formulated in VCG-chitosan nanoparticles induces robust immunity against intranasal Chlamydia psittaci challenge[J]. Scientific Reports, 2021, 11: 10389.

[75] Ezeasor C, Shoyinka S, Emikpe B, et al. Intranasal Peste des petits ruminants virus vaccination of goats using Irvingia gabonensis gum as delivery system: hematological and humoral immune responses[J]. Journal of Immunoassay and Immunochemistry, 2021, 42(1): 82-94.

基本信息:

DOI:10.16445/j.cnki.1000-2340.20260518.001

中图分类号:S859.797

引用信息:

[1]杨皓翔,周恒起,刘子阳,等.不同类型黏膜佐剂及其在兽用疫苗中的应用研究进展[J].河南农业大学学报().DOI:10.16445/j.cnki.1000-2340.20260518.001.

基金信息:

国家自然科学基金面上项目(32473118); 中原科技创新青年拔尖人才(30603404); 河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划(26HASTIT023)

发布时间:

2026-05-19

出版时间:

2026-05-19

网络发布时间:

2026-05-19

检 索 高级检索

引用

GB/T 7714-2015 格式引文
MLA格式引文
APA格式引文